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Spent lead–acid batteries have become the primary raw material for global lead production. In the current lead refining process, the tin oxidizes to slag, making its recovery problematic and expensive. This paper aims to present an innovative method for the fire refining of lead, which enables the retention of tin contained in lead from recycled …
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On the basis of knowledge of the beneficiation properties of antimony minerals reported in the previous part of this article, this second half reviews the state of …
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The Gold Refining Process by Aqua Regia was introduced at the Pretoria Mint after the Miller process had been tried and abandoned owing to the alleged difficulty of treating the gold bullion extracted by the cyanide process. In the aqua regia process the gold is dissolved and precipitated. It is made very difficult if the silver exceeds 100 ...
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The zone refining method is a physical method for effectively purifying metals. Increasing yield and reducing impurity content have always been the focus of its research. This article systematically summarizes the relevant research on the production of high-purity metals by zone refining, including mechanisms, parameter optimization, zone refining types, …
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They can be removed in the smelter and copper refinery from different sources. The most problematic impurities in smelting processes are arsenic, antimony, bismuth, lead, and zinc. Concentrate …
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Electrolytic refining of antimony is mostly realized by electrolysis of solution, where hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid solutions are used as electrolyte to generate …
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The final lead product from the refinery is usually 99.97 or 99.99% grade lead depending on market requirements. The removal of copper from the lead bullion is the first part of the primary lead refining process. The operation is often performed in two stages, first by casting lead bullion to a copper drossing pot and cooling, and second by ...
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In this context, cyanide leaching is an obvious step in addition to gravity separation, and the most logical procedure here would be first to separate the antimony …
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Andreas Siegmund. Jean-Pierre Cloutier. Abstract and Figures. Antimony is classified as a critical/strategic metal. Its primary production is predominated by China via …
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The processes of parting may be tabulated as follows: Cementation. Melting with sulphide of antimony. Melting with sulphur, and precipitation of the gold from the regulus by silver, iron, or litharge. Parting by nitric acid. Parting by sulphuric acid, sometimes called "refining.". A combination of these last two methods.
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The antimony recovery rate was 92 %, and a 99.7 % pure antimony oxide distillate was obtained. Binz et al. developed a bottom-up process to recover antimony from lead-refining residues. They investigated a more selective oxidation during lead softening and the carbothermic reduction of the slag to produce a concentrated antimony …
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A strategy for the efficient recovery of highly pure copper and antimony metals from electronic waste (e-waste) was implemented by the combination of hydrometallurgical and electrochemical processes. The focus is on copper recovery as the main component in the leached solution, whereas the antimony recovery process was established as a …
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This has sparked efforts to find secondary sources of antimony either through the recycling of end-of-life products or by recovering antimony from industrial process …
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Antimony is a silverly, lustrous grey metal that exhibits poor heat and electrical conductivity. It is relatively soft, measuring only 3.25 on Moh's scale of mineral hardness. Known as "stibium" in classical Latin, antimony is represented by the chemical symbol Sb. A member of the arsenic group of elements, antimony is commonly found in ...
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A basic technological flow sheet diagram for processing the flotation gold–antimony concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit was developed, including …
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Gold Smelting & Refining Process. Gold can be concentrated and recovered by applying different gold refining process methods and the final product has variable quality. In this way, it is …
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Electrolytic Refining. The list of pure non-ferrous metals so widely used in modern industry includes many that are produced by electrolytic means, such as copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, lead, sodium, cadmium, calcium and many others. In the case of some metals, ordinary fire or chemical methods of production are important, …
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The antimony is extracted during the lead refining process in the form of sodium antimonate. Properties. Antimony is a very hard, brittle and bluish-white metal with a highly distinct crystalline texture. Antimony is not an abundant element but is found in small quantities in over 100 mineral species.
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Antimonial dust is a by-product of lead smelting and an important material for extracting antimony. A new pyrometallurgical process for producing antimony white from the antimonial dust is reported. The process mainly consists of three steps, which are reduction smelting, alkaline refining, and blowing oxidation. First, the reduction smelting …
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The invention discloses an oxygen-enriched molten pool antimony refining production process, and belongs to the field of smelting of nonferrous metal. The process comprises the following steps: 1) batching: raw materials are uniformly mixed according to a mass ratio to obtain a mixture; 2) granulation: the uniformly mixed mixture is prepared as …
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A new process for one-step extraction of antimony in low temperature from stibnite concentrate by reductive sulfur-fixation smelting in sodium molten salt, using iron oxide as sulfur-fixing agent, was presented. The influences of molten salt addition and composition, ferric oxide dosage, smelting temperature and duration on extraction …
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This work explores the feasibility of recovering antimony, present in a side stream of hydrochloric acid resulting from a copper electro-refining process, by …
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The balance of American supply comes from recycling and refining concentrates imported from Italy, China, India, and Mexico. ... bearings, electrical cable sheathing, machines, solders, and pewter are among the products made of alloys that contain some amount of antimony. ... Perpetua hopes to finalize the federal …
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The present topic "Metal Smelting and Furnace Tapping" provides JOM readers with an interesting update on these high-temperature pyrometallurgical processes. Metal smelting is a fundamental process in pyrometallurgical metal production. The process parameters and furnace operating conditions need to be adjusted and optimized …
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A. Shaft furnaces and condensing chambers for the volatilization process, to roast the low-grade ore or the liquation residue, generally containing 15 to 30 per cent. Sb, and to condense the volatile trioxide. Fig. 1 shows the Herrenschmidt type used by the Wah Chang Co. For a full description, refer to the author's book on Antimony.
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The copper, insoluble in water, that is in the calcined ore, is removed by the use of tower liquors, and under the action of this solvent a considerable proportion of the arsenic, antimony and bismuth that remained in the calcined ore is also dissolved. This increases the proportion of these elements that is already present in the tower liquors.
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The electrorefining process of the non-commercial Cu anodes was tested on the enlarged laboratory equipment over 72 h. Cu anodes with Ni content of 5 or 10 wt.% and total content of Pb, Sn, and Sb of about 1.5 wt.% were used for the tests. The real waste solution of sulfuric acid character was a working electrolyte of different temperatures (T1 …
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The Canadian Smelting-Works, Trail, British Columbia, have installed a refinery, making use of this process. There are 28 refining-tanks, each 86 in. long, 30 in. wide and 42 in. deep, and each receiving 22 anodes of lead-bullion with an area of 26 by 33 in. exposed to the electrolyte on each side, and 23 cathodes of sheet-lead, about 1/16 in ...
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2.1 Theory. In the zone refining process, the solid phase concentration and the liquid phase concentration of impurities are different when the molten and solidified states coexist [].That is, C s and C L are different. The ratio of C s to C L is the segregation coefficient, which is K = C s /C L.A schematic diagram of zone refining is shown in Fig. …
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Using the Bureau's new process, galena concentrates are leached directly under oxidative conditions in waste fluosilicic acid at tem-. peratures less than 120°C. This solubilizes the lead and produces a residue containing elemental sulfur and other metal values. Pure lead metal (99.99 pct) is recovered from the leach solution by ...
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